The relationship between developmental language disorder and dyslexia in European Portuguese school-aged children.

Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) [Also referred to as Specific Language Impairment (SLI)] and dyslexia are neurodevelopmental disorders which show similar behavioral manifestations. In this study, between-group comparisons and frequency analysis were combined to investigate the relationship between DLD and dyslexia. European Portuguese children aged 7-10 years, with DLD (N = 7) or dyslexia (N = 11) were recruited and compared to age-matched typically developing (TD) children (N = 21) on phonological processing, language andf literacy measures. The between-group comparison revealed that for phonological processing, the clinical groups scored significantly below TD children on most tasks, yet the DLD group performed similarly to TD children for RAN speed and digit span. The clinical groups did not statistically differ in their phonological processing abilities. For language abilities, children with dyslexia did not differ from TD children, whilst children with DLD performed significantly below TD children on all measures and significantly below children with dyslexia for vocabulary. Finally, for literacy measures, there were no statistical differences between clinical groups which underperformed on all measures when compared to TD children. The frequency analysis showed that children with DLD exhibited a lower prevalence of RAN difficulties when compared to children with dyslexia, whilst children with DLD tended to show more frequent nonword repetition and phoneme deletion deficits. Additionally, whilst children with DLD consistently showed more prevalent language impairments, both clinical groups demonstrated similar prevalence rates of literacy deficits compared to TD children.These findings lend support to the additional deficit model as children with DLD show more severe and prevalent language impairments than those with dyslexia, despite similar phonological and literacy difficulties.