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The whale shark is the world's largest fish that forms predictable aggregations across its range, many of which support tourism industries. The largest non-captive provisioned whale shark destination globally is at Oslob, Philippines, where more than 500 000 tourists visit yearly. There, the sharks are provisioned daily, year-round, allowing the human-shark interaction in nearshore waters. We used in-water behavioural observations of whale sharks between 2015 and 2017 to understand the relationship between external stimuli and shark behaviour, whether frequency of visits at the site can act as a predictor of behaviour, and the tourist compliance to the code of conduct. Mixed effects models revealed that the number of previous visits at the site was a strong predictor of whale shark behaviour, and that provisioned sharks were less likely to exhibit avoidance. Compliance was poor, with 93% of surveys having people less than 2 m from the animal, highlighting overcrowding of whale sharks at Oslob. Given the behavioural implications to whale sharks highlighted here and the local community's reliance on the tourism industry, it is imperative to improve management strategies to increase tourist compliance and strive for sustainable tourism practices.
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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7813242 | PMC |
http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.200392 | DOI Listing |
Nat Clim Chang
October 2024
Marine Biological Association, The Laboratory, Plymouth, UK.
J Fish Biol
December 2024
Office of International Affairs, Trade and Commerce, National Marine Fisheries Service, Pascagoula, Mississippi, USA.
This note details the first formal report of a spinal deformation in whale sharks, Rhincodon typus. An individual whale shark with suspected kypholordoscoliosis was observed at Ewing Bank in the Gulf of Mexico during aggregation events in 2010 and 2013. Despite the significant deformity, the shark was observed feeding on fish eggs at the surface during both encounters.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEvol Dev
March 2025
College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia.
Conserv Biol
November 2024
UWA Law School and UWA Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
Ecol Appl
December 2024
MARBEC IFREMER, IRD CNRS, University of Montpellier, Sète, France.
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