Networks of disparate phenomena-be it the global ecology, human social institutions, within the human brain, or in micro-scale protein interactions-exhibit broadly consistent architectural features. To explain this, we propose a new theory where link probability is modelled by a log-normal node fitness (surface) factor and a latent Euclidean space-embedded node similarity (depth) factor. Building on recurring trends in the literature, the theory asserts that links arise due to individualistic as well as dyadic information and that important dyadic information making up the so-called depth factor is obscured by this essentially non-dyadic information making up the surface factor. Modelling based on this theory considerably outperforms popular power-law fitness and hyperbolic geometry explanations across 110 networks. Importantly, the degree distributions of the model resemble power-laws at small densities and log-normal distributions at larger densities, posing a reconciliatory solution to the long-standing debate on the nature and existence of scale-free networks. Validating this theory, a surface factor inversion approach on an economic world city network and an fMRI connectome results in considerably more geometrically aligned nearest neighbour networks, as is hypothesised to be the case for the depth factor. This establishes new foundations from which to understand, analyse, deconstruct and interpret network phenomena.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-81547-3 | DOI Listing |
Environ Monit Assess
January 2025
School of Earth Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China.
Rocky desertification (RD) is a severe phenomenon in karst areas, often referred to as "ecological cancer." However, studies on RD rarely include comparative analysis of different man-land relationship areas. This lack of analysis leads to difficulties in preventing and controlling RD in local areas with complex man-land relationships.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEnviron Health Perspect
January 2025
Silent Spring Institute, Newton, Massachusetts, USA.
Background: Unregulated contaminants in drinking water, such as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), can contribute to cumulative health risks, particularly in overburdened and less-advantaged communities. To our knowledge, there has been no nationwide assessment of socioeconomic disparities in exposures to unregulated contaminants in drinking water.
Objective: The goals of this study were to identify determinants of unregulated contaminant detection among US public water systems (PWSs) and evaluate disparities related to race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status.
Clin Adv Periodontics
January 2025
Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
Background: Successful periodontal regeneration depends on primary wound closure and interdental papilla preservation. In this case study, we introduce a novel triangle papilla access approach (T-PAA) performed under a surgical microscope for treating interdental bone defects. In this novel approach, buccal incisions were used to access root surfaces and bone defects, avoiding interdental papilla incisions and preventing papillary collapse and necrosis.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMacromol Rapid Commun
January 2025
Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Energy and Information Polymer Materials, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China.
Simultaneous improvement in power conversion efficiency (PCE) and device stability is very important for organic solar cells (OSCs). Herein, oligothiophene-based polymer W19 with excellent solvent resistance is exploited as a polymer thin layer to optimize the active layer morphology and then device efficiency and stability. Polymer W19 possesses a simple skeleton of trifluromethyl-substituted dithienoquinoxaline and quaterthiophene, whose thin layer shows suitable energy level, low surface energy, and strong interchain aggregation, leading to outstanding solvent resistance and excellent hole transport ability.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPlant Divers
November 2024
College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
Grasslands account for about a quarter of the Earth's land area and are one of the major terrestrial ecosystems, with significant ecological and economic values. The influence of environmental factors and management types on grassland biodiversity has garnered considerable attention. This study investigated how patterns of species richness are influenced by geographical distance, environmental gradients, and management type in the moist mountain grasslands of northeastern Yunnan, China.
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