Fried-food consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis of observational studies.

Objective: We performed a meta-analysis, including dose-response analysis, to quantitatively determine the association of fried-food consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in the general adult population.

Methods: We searched PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science for all articles before 11 April 2020. Random-effects models were used to estimate the summary relative risks (RRs) and 95% CIs.

Results: In comparing the highest with lowest fried-food intake, summary RRs (95% CIs) were 1.28 (1.15 to 1.43; n=17, I=82.0%) for major cardiovascular events (prospective: 1.24 (1.12 to 1.38), n=13, I=75.7%; case-control: 1.91 (1.15 to 3.17), n=4, I=92.1%); 1.22 (1.07 to 1.40; n=11, I=77.9%) for coronary heart disease (prospective: 1.16 (1.05 to 1.29), n=8, I=44.6%; case-control: 1.91 (1.05 to 3.47), n=3, I=93.9%); 1.37 (0.97 to 1.94; n=4, I=80.7%) for stroke (cohort: 1.21 (0.87 to 1.69), n=3, I=77.3%; case-control: 2.01 (1.27 to 3.19), n=1); 1.37 (1.07 to 1.75; n=4, I=80.0%) for heart failure; 1.02 (0.93 to 1.14; n=3, I=27.3%) for cardiovascular mortality; and 1.03 (95% CI 0.96 to 1.12; n=6, I=38.0%) for all-cause mortality. The association was linear for major cardiovascular events, coronary heart disease and heart failure.

Conclusions: Fried-food consumption may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and presents a linear dose-response relation. However, the high heterogeneity and potential recall and misclassification biases for fried-food consumption from the original studies should be considered.