Most craniofacial bones are derived from the ectodermal germ layer neural crest stem cells, which are distinct from mesoderm-derived long bones. However, current craniofacial bone tissue engineering approaches do not account for this difference and utilize mesoderm-derived bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) as a paradigm cell source. The effect of the embryonic origin (ontogeny) of an MSC population on its osteogenic differentiation potential and regenerative ability still remains unresolved. To clarify the effects of MSC ontogeny on bone regenerative ability, we directly compared the craniofacial bone regenerative abilities of an ecto-mesenchymal stem cell (eMSC) population, which is derived from human embryonic stem cells a neural crest intermediate, with mesodermal adult BM-MSCs. eMSCs showed comparable osteogenic and chondrogenic ability to BM-MSCs in 2-D culture, but lower adipogenic ability. They exhibited greater proliferation than BM-MSCs and comparable construct mineralization in a well-established 3-D polycaprolactone-tricalcium phosphate (PCL-TCP) scaffold system eMSC-derived 3D osteogenic constructs were maintained for longer in a proliferative osteoblast state and exhibited differential levels of genes related to fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling compared to BM-MSCs. Although both eMSC and BM-MSC-seeded scaffold constructs could promote bone regeneration in a rat calvarial defect model, eMSC-derived osseous constructs had significantly higher cellularity due to increased number of proliferative (Ki67) cells than those seeded with BM-MSCs, and exhibited enhanced new bone formation in the defect area as compared to untreated controls. Overall, our study demonstrates the potential of human eMSCs for future clinical use in craniofacial regeneration applications and indicates the importance of considering MSC origin when selecting an MSC source for regenerative applications.
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