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Reduced palatability, fast flight, and tails: decoding the defence arsenal of Eudaminae skipper butterflies in a Neotropical locality.
J Evol Biol
August 2024
Biology Centre CAS (Czech Academy of Sciences), Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czechia.
Prey often rely on multiple defences against predators, such as flight speed, attack deflection from vital body parts, or unpleasant taste, but our understanding on how often and why they are co-exhibited remains limited. Eudaminae skipper butterflies use fast flight and mechanical defences (hindwing tails), but whether they use other defences like unpalatability (consumption deterrence) and how these defences interact have not been assessed. We tested the palatability of 12 abundant Eudaminae species in Peru, using training and feeding experiments with domestic chicks.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBiomechanics of Insect Flight Stability and Perturbation Response.
Integr Comp Biol
September 2024
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92967, USA.
Insects must fly in highly variable natural environments filled with gusts, vortices, and other transient aerodynamic phenomena that challenge flight stability. Furthermore, the aerodynamic forces that support insect flight are produced from rapidly oscillating wings of time-varying orientation and configuration. The instantaneous flight forces produced by these wings are large relative to the average forces supporting body weight.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMachine learning reveals the control mechanics of an insect wing hinge.
Nature
April 2024
Division of Biology and Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
Insects constitute the most species-rich radiation of metazoa, a success that is due to the evolution of active flight. Unlike pterosaurs, birds and bats, the wings of insects did not evolve from legs, but are novel structures that are attached to the body via a biomechanically complex hinge that transforms tiny, high-frequency oscillations of specialized power muscles into the sweeping back-and-forth motion of the wings. The hinge consists of a system of tiny, hardened structures called sclerites that are interconnected to one another via flexible joints and regulated by the activity of specialized control muscles.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEnd-to-end deep learning approach to mouse behavior classification from cortex-wide calcium imaging.
PLoS Comput Biol
March 2024
Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University School of Medicine, Chuo, Kobe, Japan.
Deep learning is a powerful tool for neural decoding, broadly applied to systems neuroscience and clinical studies. Interpretable and transparent models that can explain neural decoding for intended behaviors are crucial to identifying essential features of deep learning decoders in brain activity. In this study, we examine the performance of deep learning to classify mouse behavioral states from mesoscopic cortex-wide calcium imaging data.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFLayer 5 Intratelencephalic Neurons in the Motor Cortex Stably Encode Skilled Movement.
J Neurosci
October 2023
Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
Article Synopsis
- The primary motor cortex (M1) and dorsal striatum are essential for motor learning and retaining learned behaviors, with layer 5a (L5a) neurons playing a significant role in connecting M1 to the striatum.
- In research with transgenic mice, it was found that M1 L5a intratelencephalic (IT) neurons consistently represented well-learned forelimb movements, even after a period of nontraining.
- Inactivation of these neurons impaired performance on tasks with varying demands, indicating that they fine-tune skilled movements and that motor memory can persist over time, even without practice.
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