This study examined the hypothesis that toddlers interpret an adult's head turn as evidence that the adult was looking at something, whereas younger infants interpret gaze based on an expectancy that an interesting object will be present on the side to which the adult has turned. Infants of 12 months and toddlers of 24 months were first shown that an adult head turn to the side predicted the activation of a remote-controlled toy on that side of the room. After this connection had been demonstrated, participants were assigned to 2 conditions. In the head turn condition the toys were removed but the adult continued to produce head turns to the side. In the toy condition the adult stopped turning but the toys continued to be activated when the participant turned toward them. Results showed that, compared to 12-month-olds, 24-month-olds were more likely to continue to turn to the side when the adult continued to turn even though there was no longer anything of interest to see. In contrast, compared to 24-month-olds, 12-month-olds were, if anything, more likely to continue to turn to the side in the condition in which the adult stopped turning. The latter result was replicated in a condition in which the activation of the toy was not contingent on the child's own head turn. These results imply that the meaning of gaze following may change significantly over the 2nd year of life. For 12-month-olds, gaze is a useful predictor of where interesting sights may occur. In contrast, for 24-month-olds, gaze may be a signal that the adult is looking at something.
Download full-text PDF |
Source |
|---|---|
| http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7078.2007.tb00224.x | DOI Listing |
Publication Analysis
Top Keywords
Similar Publications
Improved Visualization of Oropharyngeal Tumors Using Simple Maneuvers During Flexible Endoscopy.
Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol
January 2025
Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Objectives: To describe patient positioning maneuvers that optimize visualization of the oropharynx during flexible endoscopy.
Methods: An institutional database of videos obtained from 2021 to 2023 during flexible endoscopy of patients with oropharyngeal carcinoma (OPC) was reviewed. Patients seen outside the specialty head and neck clinic, those with tonsillar primary tumors, and those only with videos of fiberoptic swallowing evaluations were excluded.
In confluent cell monolayers, patterns of cell forces and motion are systematically altered near topological defects in cell shape. In turn, defects have been proposed to alter cell density, extrusion, and invasion, but it remains unclear how the defects form and how they affect cell forces and motion. Here, we studied +1/2 defects, and, in contrast to prior studies, we observed both tail-to-head and head-to-tail defect motion occurring at the same time in the same cell monolayer.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFDetermination of Stable Reference Genes for Gene Expression Analysis in Black Rockfish () Under Hypoxia Stress.
Genes (Basel)
December 2024
Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
Background: Hypoxia triggers stress, leading to significant alterations in gene expression patterns, which in turn affect fish's growth and development. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) is a pivotal technique for assessing changes in gene expression. However, its accuracy is highly contingent upon the stable expression of reference genes.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPreferential Binding of a Long-Arm Porphyrin Ligand to Higher Order G-Quadruplex under Crowding Conditions.
J Phys Chem B
January 2025
College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China.
Under conditions that are close to the real cellular environment, the human telomeric single-stranded overhang (∼200 nt) consisting of tens of TTAGGG repeats tends to form higher order structures of multiple G-quadruplex (G4) blocks. On account of the higher biological relevance of higher order G4 structures, ligand compounds binding to higher order G4 are significant for the drug design toward inhibiting telomerase activity. Here, we study the interaction between a cationic porphyrin derivative, 5,10,15,20-tetra{4-[2-(1-methyl-1-piperidinyl)propoxy]phenyl}porphyrin (T4), and a human telomeric G4-dimer (AG(TAG)) in the mimic intracellular molecularly crowded environment (PEG as a crowding agent) and K or Na solution (i.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFImmune evasion through mitochondrial transfer in the tumour microenvironment.
Nature
January 2025
Division of Cell Therapy, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan.
Cancer cells in the tumour microenvironment use various mechanisms to evade the immune system, particularly T cell attack. For example, metabolic reprogramming in the tumour microenvironment and mitochondrial dysfunction in tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) impair antitumour immune responses. However, detailed mechanisms of such processes remain unclear.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFWant AI Summaries of new PubMed Abstracts delivered to your In-box?
Enter search terms and have AI summaries delivered each week - change queries or unsubscribe any time!