Uncertainty is at the heart of decision-making processes in most real-world applications. Uncertainty can be broadly categorized into two types: aleatory and epistemic. Aleatory uncertainty describes the variability in the physical system where sensors provide information (hard) of a probabilistic type. Epistemic uncertainty appears when the information is incomplete or vague such as judgments or human expert appreciations in linguistic form. Linguistic information (soft) typically introduces a possibilistic type of uncertainty. This paper is concerned with the problem of classification where the available information, concerning the observed features, may be of a probabilistic nature for some features, and of a possibilistic nature for some others. In this configuration, most encountered studies transform one of the two information types into the other form, and then apply either classical Bayesian-based or possibilistic-based decision-making criteria. In this paper, a new hybrid decision-making scheme is proposed for classification when hard and soft information sources are present. A new Possibilistic Maximum Likelihood (PML) criterion is introduced to improve classification rates compared to a classical approach using only information from hard sources. The proposed PML allows to jointly exploit both probabilistic and possibilistic sources within the same probabilistic decision-making framework, without imposing to convert the possibilistic sources into probabilistic ones, and vice versa.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23010067 | DOI Listing |
Sci Rep
December 2024
Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University, Burgemeester Oudlaan 50, 3062 PA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Does competition increase cheating? This question has been investigated by both psychologists and economists in the past and received conflicting answers. Notably, prior experimental work compared how people behaved under competitive and non-competitive tasks that were associated with different levels of uncertainty about the reward that people would receive. We aim to experimentally disentangle the effect of competition from the effects of uncertain rewards.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBMC Cancer
December 2024
Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, No. 5 Dongdansantiao Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100005, China.
Background: The colorectal cancer mortality rate in China has exceeded that in many developing countries and is expected to further increase owing to multiple factors, including the aging population. However, the optimal policy for colorectal cancer screening is unknown.
Methods: We synthesized the most up-to-date data using a 12-state Markov model populated with a cohort of Chinese men and women born during 1949-1988, and evaluated 16 conventional and 40 risk-tailored schemes for colorectal cancer screening, considering possible combinations of age (starting at 40 + years and ending at 75 years), frequency, and strategy (standard colonoscopy, fecal immunochemical testing with colonoscopy if positive, or risk-tailored).
Tomography
November 2024
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077.
Assessment of skeletal maturity is a common clinical practice to investigate adolescent growth and endocrine disorders. The distal radius and ulna (DRU) maturity classification is a practical and easy-to-use scheme that was designed for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis clinical management and presents high sensitivity in predicting the growth peak and cessation among adolescents. However, time-consuming and error-prone manual assessment limits DRU in clinical application.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSoc Sci Med
December 2024
Health Economics Unit, Department of Applied Health Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK. Electronic address:
In recent years, investment in workplace mental health and wellbeing has grown. However, there is little understanding of how resource allocation decisions are made in such settings. To ensure evaluative research can support resource allocation, a process-based understanding of decision-making would be helpful.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBMC Med Ethics
December 2024
Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
Background: Respect for patient autonomy, the principle that patients are capable to make informed decisions about medical interventions, is fundamental in present-day medicine. However, if a patient's request is medically not indicated, the practitioner faces an ethical dilemma represented by the conflict of the principles of patient autonomy, beneficence, and maleficence. Adjacent to topics such as medical assistance in dying and healthy limb amputation, this ethical dilemma also manifests in the care of the maxillofacial region (the oral cavity and its surroundings), an area crucial to esthetic appearance, but also to everyday functions including mastication, speech, and facial expression, all of which are related to well-being.
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