Adding Home and/or Ambulatory Blood Pressure to Office Blood Pressure for Cardiovascular Risk Prediction.

Home and 24-hour blood pressure (BP and BP) are believed to improve the prognostic value of office BP (BP) alone, but the evidence has limitations such as that (1) these 3 BPs are characterized by multicollinearity and (2) the procedures adopted do not allow quantification of the prognostic advantage. One thousand eight hundred thirty-three individuals belonging to the PAMELA (Pressioni Arteriose Monitorate e Loro Associazioni) were followed for 16 years. Prediction of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality was determined via the goodness of fit of individual data (Cox model), the area underlying the receiving operator curves and the net reclassification improvement of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality risk. Calculations were made for BP alone and after addition of BP, BP, or both, limited to their residual portion which was found to be unexplained by, and thus independent on, BP. With all methods addition of residual out-of-office systolic or diastolic BP to BP significantly improved cardiovascular and all-cause mortality prediction. The improvement was more consistent when BP rather than BP was added to BP and, compared with BP plus BP, no better prediction was found when addition was extended to BP. With all additions, however, the improvement was quantitatively modest, which was the case also when data were separately analyzed in younger and older individuals or in dippers and nondippers. Thus, addition of out-of-office to BP improves prediction of cardiovascular risk, even when data analysis avoids previous limitations. The improvement appears to be limited, however, which raises the question of the advantage to recommend their extended use in clinical practice.