Pharmacological interactions between adenosine A receptor antagonists and different neurotransmitter systems.

While Parkinson's disease (PD) is traditionally characterized by dopaminergic neuron degeneration, several neurotransmitters and neuromodulators besides dopamine are also involved in the onset and progression of the disease and its symptoms. The other principal neurotransmitters/neuromodulators known to control basal ganglia functions and, in particular, motor functions, are GABA, glutamate, serotonin (5-HT), noradrenaline, acetylcholine, adenosine and endocannabinoids. Among these, adenosine is the most relevant, acting through its adenosine A receptor. Work in experimental models of PD has established the effects of A receptor antagonists, including the alleviation of disrupted dopamine functions and improved efficacy of dopamine replacement therapy. Moreover, positive interactions between A receptor antagonists and both D and D receptor agonists have been described in vitro at the receptor-receptor level or in more complex in vivo models of PD, respectively. In addition, the interactions between A receptor antagonists and glutamate ionotropic GluN-containing N-Methyl-d-aspartic acid receptors, or metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors, including both mGlu receptor inhibitors and mGlu receptor activators, have been reported in both in vitro and in vivo animal models of PD, as have positive interactions between A and endocannabinoid CB receptor antagonists. At the same time, a combination of A receptor antagonists and 5-HT-5-HT receptor agonists have been described to modulate the expression of dyskinesia induced by chronic dopamine replacement therapy.