Severity: Warning
Message: file_get_contents(https://...@gmail.com&api_key=61f08fa0b96a73de8c900d749fcb997acc09): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 143
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 143
Function: file_get_contents
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 209
Function: simplexml_load_file_from_url
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3098
Function: getPubMedXML
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 574
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 488
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: Attempt to read property "Count" on bool
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 3100
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3100
Function: _error_handler
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 574
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 488
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Purpose Of Review: Several observational studies have suggested that β-blockers, especially cardioselective ones, are well tolerated and associated with a lower risk of acute exacerbations and death in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, there are dissenting studies. This review provides an update on the use of β-blockers in COPD, focusing on results of recent prospective studies and randomized controlled trials.
Recent Findings: In totality, cohort studies indicate that β-blockers are generally well tolerated and effective in COPD patients who also have a clear cardiovascular indication for these medications. Although β-blockers on average reduce lung function acutely in COPD patients, the absolute decrease is relatively small, especially if cardioselective β-blockers are used. The results of two large randomized controlled trials suggest that β-blocker use does not reduce the therapeutic benefits of inhaled bronchodilators in COPD patients. The use of β-blockers in COPD patients, who do not have overt cardiovascular disease, does not prevent COPD exacerbations and may paradoxically increase the risk of COPD-related hospitalization and mortality.
Summary: The use of β-blockers is generally well tolerated and effective in COPD patients, who also have a clear cardiovascular indication for these drugs. However, they should not be used in patients who do not have overt cardiovascular disease as β-blockers can reduce lung function, worsen health status and increase the risk of COPD-related hospitalization.
Download full-text PDF |
Source |
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MCP.0000000000000748 | DOI Listing |
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