What are the triggers of household decision-making on waste disposal choices? A gender differentiated analysis.

Across the African continent especially in Nigeria, solid waste disposal has created significant environmental and health issues. Studies on household decision-making on waste disposal choices are insignificant. This study uses the most recent 2018/2019 General Household Survey (GHS) - a national representative sample of 5000 households collected by the Nigerian Bureau of Statistics (NBS) and World Bank - to offer greater insight on the socio-economic drivers of household's decision-making on the choice of alternative refuse disposal systems and how these choices vary across male-headed households (MHHs) and female-headed households (FHHs) in Nigeria. Adopting the Multinomial Logit and Exogenous Switching Treatment Effects Regression (ESTER) models, estimates show that education, family sizes, non-home ownerships, water availability, toilet locations, electricity connections within buildings, geopolitical zones, and urban areas are some determinants of household waste disposal choices which also varies by household types. However, quite a significant number of FHHs are observed to utilize informal refuse disposal systems than the MHHs representing a gender gap in the informal waste usage of 9%. In the counterfactual scenario FHHs average probability of adopting compound (informal) refuse disposal choices, would have increased by 4.2% (decreased by 5.4%) if they had the same socio-economic characteristics as MHHs. These results present some interesting factors related to the heterogeneity of alternative refuse disposal choices the heterogeneous effects of gender on such decisions. The study thus offers some policy inputs on how to ensure a clean and safe environment through proper disposal options.