Chromatin is a dynamic structure composed of DNA, RNA, and proteins, regulating storage and expression of the genetic material in the nucleus. Heterochromatin plays a crucial role in driving the three-dimensional arrangement of the interphase genome, and in preserving genome stability by maintaining a subset of the genome in a silent state. Spatial genome organization contributes to normal patterns of gene function and expression, and is therefore of broad interest. Mammalian heterochromatin, the focus of this review, mainly localizes at the nuclear periphery, forming Lamina-associated domains (LADs), and at the nucleolar periphery, forming Nucleolus-associated domains (NADs). Together, these regions comprise approximately one-half of mammalian genomes, and most but not all loci within these domains are stochastically placed at either of these two locations after exit from mitosis at each cell cycle. Excitement about the role of these heterochromatic domains in early development has recently been heightened by the discovery that LADs appear at some loci in the preimplantation mouse embryo prior to other chromosomal features like compartmental identity and topologically-associated domains (TADs). While LADs have been extensively studied and mapped during cellular differentiation and early embryonic development, NADs have been less thoroughly studied. Here, we summarize pioneering studies of NADs and LADs, more recent advances in our understanding of cis/trans-acting factors that mediate these localizations, and discuss the functional significance of these associations.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagrm.2020.194666 | DOI Listing |
Biol Open
December 2024
Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3348, 91400 Orsay, France.
The SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligase (STUbL) family is involved in multiple cellular processes via a wide range of mechanisms to maintain genome stability. One of the evolutionarily conserved functions of STUbL is to promote changes in the nuclear positioning of DNA lesions, targeting them to the nuclear periphery. In Schizossacharomyces pombe, the STUbL Slx8 is a regulator of SUMOylated proteins and promotes replication stress tolerance by counteracting the toxicity of SUMO conjugates.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFLaryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol
February 2025
Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the histological and ultrastructural features of the elastic cartilage at the tip of the vocal process in the arytenoid cartilage, which is essential for laryngeal biomechanics.
Methods: Five larynges, including the vocal folds and epiglottis, were examined using transmission electron microscopy. The elastic cartilage at the tip of the vocal process was compared to the epiglottic cartilage within the same larynx to elucidate structural differences.
Nat Mater
January 2025
Department of Fundamental Engineering, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
Supercooled liquids display sluggish dynamics, often attributed to their structural characteristics, yet the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Here we conduct numerical investigations into the structure-dynamics relationship in model glass-forming liquids, with a specific focus on an elementary particle rearrangement mode known as the 'T1 process'. We discover that the ability of a T1 process to preserve glassy structural order before and after is pivotal towards determining a liquid's fragility-whether it exhibits super-Arrhenius-like or Arrhenius-like behaviour.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAm J Surg Pathol
January 2025
Division of Pathology.
Chemistry
December 2024
School of Chemical and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Grangegorman, Dublin 7, Ireland.
Donor-acceptor BODIPY dyads, functionalized at the 2 and 6 positions with benzyl ester (BDP-DE) or carboxylic acid (BDP-DA) groups, were synthesized, and their optoelectronic properties were investigated. Carbonyl groups were found to increase the reduction potential of the BODIPY core by 0.15-0.
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