Heart and Turner syndrome.

Turner syndrome (TS) is a rare disease (ORPHA #881) which affects about 50 in 100 000 newborn girls. Their karyotype shows a complete or partial loss of the second X chromosome. In TS, congenital cardiovascular malformations, such as bicuspid aortic valves and aortic coarctation are frequent, affecting 20-30% and 7-18% of the TS population, respectively. The morbidity and mortality of these patients are high and related to the presence of hypertension and/or aortic dilatation (40%), inducing aortic dissection. European guidelines published in 2017 have indicated how to monitor patients using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and/or echography. Different studies have shown that a cardiovascular lifelong follow-up is necessary and therefore education of patients with TS and their families represents a major issue. This review will present recent data concerning the progression of aortic diameters as well as current molecular knowledge of the cardiovascular system in patients with TS.