Glucuronidation of Methylated Quercetin Derivatives: Chemical and Biochemical Approaches.

Botanical supplements derived from grapes are functional in animal model systems for the amelioration of neurological conditions, including cognitive impairment. Rats fed with grape extracts accumulate 3'--methyl-quercetin-3--β-d-glucuronide () in their brains, suggesting as a potential therapeutic agent. To develop methods for the synthesis of and the related 4'--methyl-quercetin-7--β-d-glucuronide (), 3--methyl-quercetin-3'--β-d-glucuronide (), and 4'--methyl-quercetin-3'--β-d-glucuronide (), which are not found in the brain, we have evaluated both enzymatic semisynthesis and full chemical synthetic approaches. Biocatalysis by mammalian UDP-glucuronosyltransferases generated multiple glucuronidated products from 4'--methylquercetin, and is not cost-effective. Chemical synthetic methods, on the other hand, provided good results; , , and were obtained in six steps at 12, 18, and 30% overall yield, respectively, while was synthesized in five steps at 34% overall yield. A mechanistic study on the unexpected regioselectivity observed in the quercetin glucuronide synthetic steps is also presented.