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Phenotypic reaction norms are often shaped and constrained by selection and are important for allowing organisms to respond to environmental change. However, selection cannot constrain reaction norms for environmental conditions that populations have not experienced. Consequently, cryptic neutral genetic variation for the reaction norm can accumulate such that a release of phenotypic variation occurs upon exposure to novel14 conditions. Most genomic diversity behaves as if functionally neutral. Therefore, genome-wide diversity metrics may correlate with levels of cryptic genetic variation and, as a result, exhibit a positive relationship with a release of phenotypic variation in novel environments. To test this hypothesis, we conducted translocations of juvenile brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) from 12 populations to novel uninhabited ponds that represented a gradient of environmental conditions. We assessed reaction norms for morphological traits (body size and four morphometric relative warps) across pond environmental gradients and evaluated the effect of genome-wide heterozygosity on phenotypic variability. All traits displayed plastic reaction norms. Overall, we found some evidence that a release of phenotypic variation consistent with cryptic genetic variation can occur in novel environmental conditions. However, the extent to which this release correlated with average genome-wide diversity was limited to only one of five traits examined. Our results suggest a limited link between genomic diversity26 and the accumulation of cryptic genetic variation in reaction norms. Similarly, reaction norms were constrained for many of the morphological traits examined. Past conditions may have constrained reaction norms in the putatively novel environments despite significant deviations from contemporary source population habitat. Additionally, as a generalist colonizing species brook trout may exhibit plastic phenotypes across a wide range of environmental conditions.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jeb.13747 | DOI Listing |
Accid Anal Prev
December 2024
Department of Management, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel.
This research investigates the effectiveness of nudge presentation on Hazard Perception (HP) during a computerized Hazard Perception Test (HPT). Three types of nudges were examined: Reminder, Social Norm, and Negative Reinforcement. Their effects on drivers' reaction times, hazard misidentifications (errors), and hazard recognition failures (misses) were analyzed.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNutrients
December 2024
Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO 63301, USA.
Background: Choline is an essential nutrient required for proper cell functioning. Due to its status as a precursor to acetylcholine, an important neurotransmitter connected to cognition and neuromuscular function, maintaining or enhancing choline levels is of interest. Supplementation with alpha-glycerylphosphorycholine (A-GPC) can maintain choline levels, but its ability to offer support towards cognition remains an area of ongoing research.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPatient Prefer Adherence
December 2024
Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia.
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the public's intention to report ADRs to community pharmacists in the Makkah region of Saudi Arabia and to identify the factors influencing this intention, using the TPB as the theoretical framework.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Makkah region of Saudi Arabia via a nonprobability sampling method. Data were gathered through an online self-report survey designed to assess the public's intention to report ADRs to community pharmacists.
Br J Dev Psychol
December 2024
Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, London, UK.
With the majority of young people using social media as a primary form of communication with friends and family, it is becoming increasingly important to understand how adolescents perceive their own and others' online behaviour. Participants (N = 34) aged 11-15 years took part in focus group discussions exploring their perceptions of the communication intentions of using online interpersonal feedback, specifically the use of 'reactions' (e.g.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Am Acad Audiol
December 2024
Audiology and Speech Pathology Center, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland.
Background: Oculomotor and reaction time tests are frequently used assessments of vestibular symptoms, traumatic brain injury (TBI), or other neurological disorders in both clinical and research contexts. When interpreting these tests it is important to have a reference interval (RI) as a comparison for what constitutes a typical/expected response; however, the current body of research has only limited information regarding normative ranges calculated according to established standards or for a military-specific sample.
Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to describe RIs for oculomotor and reaction time tests in a cohort of service members and veterans (SMVs) for use as comparators by clinicians and scientists.
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