Fatal endocarditis in a patient with transcatheter aortic valve replacement.

species may translocate from the gastrointestinal tract into systemic circulation from ingested probiotics or commensal flora. Their pathogenic potential is still debated. endocarditis is a rare entity with only around 120 cases reported in the literature. Here, we report the first case of fatal endocarditis with involvement of a transcatheter aortic valve replacement with the following goals: to reaffirm the pathological significance of spp, to demonstrate the potential limitations of the modified Duke criteria in diagnosing infective endocarditis of transcatheter aortic valve replacement, and to urge clinicians to aggressively search for and consider empiric treatment for endocarditis in patients with prosthetic valves who develop bacteraemia.