Pre-ejaculate fluid in the context of sexual assault: A review of the literature from a clinical forensic medicine perspective.

Much has been written about the presence or absence of spermatozoa in pre-ejaculate fluid (PEF). Published studies only have a small number of participants; their results are conflicting, may be inaccurate and findings have not reached statistical significance. There are potential methodical issues. However, upon review, the possibility exists that PEF may sometimes contain viable spermatozoa. Additional forensic science differentiation may be required to determine whether or not any spermatozoa found on a swab/stain originate from PEF or ejaculate. This may have implications for sexual assault cases.