Methodological Issues in First-Principle Calculations of CHNHPbI Perovskite Surfaces: Quantum Confinement and Thermal Motion.

Characterization and control of surfaces and interfaces are critical for photovoltaic and photocatalytic applications. In this work, we propose CHNHPbI (MAPI) perovskite slab models whose energy levels, free of quantum confinement, explicitly consider the spin-orbit coupling and thermal motion. We detail methodological tools based on the density functional theory that allow achieving these models at an affordable computational cost, and analytical corrections are proposed to correct these effects in other systems. The electronic state energies with respect to the vacuum of the static MAPI surface models, terminated in PbI and MAI atomic layers, are in agreement with the experimental data. The PbI-terminated slab has in-gap surface states, which are independent of the thickness of the slab and also of the orientation of the cation on the surface. The surface states are not useful for alignments in photovoltaic devices, while they could be useful for photocatalytic reactions. The energy levels calculated for the MAI-terminated surface coincide with the widely used values to estimate the MAPI alignment with the charge transport materials, i.e., -5.4 and -3.9 eV for valence band maximum and conduction band minimum, respectively. Our study offers these slab models to provide guidelines for optimal interface engineering.