Stabilization and improved properties of Salipaludibacillus agaradhaerens alkaline protease by immobilization onto double mesoporous core-shell nanospheres.

In this study, serine alkaline protease from halotolerant alkaliphilic Salipaludibacillus agaradhaerens strain AK-R was purified and immobilized onto double mesoporous core-shell silica (DMCSS) nanospheres. Covalent immobilization of AK-R protease onto activated DMCSS-NH nanospheres was more efficient than physical adsorption and was applied in further studies. DMCSS-NH nanospheres showed high loading capacity of 103.8 μg protein/mg nanospheres. Relative to free AK-R protease, the immobilized enzyme exhibited shifts in the optimal temperature and pH from 60 to 65 °C and pH 10.0 to 10.5, respectively. While the soluble enzyme retained 47.2% and 9.1% of its activity after treatment for 1 h at 50 and 60 °C, the immobilized protease maintained 87.7% and 48.3%, respectively. After treatment for 2 h at pH 5 and 13, the immobilized protease maintained 73.6% and 53.4% of its activity, whereas the soluble enzyme retained 32.9% and 1.4%, respectively. Furthermore, the immobilized AK-R protease showed significant improvement of enzyme stability in high concentration of NaCl, organic solvents, surfactants, and commercial detergents. In addition, the immobilized protease exhibited a very good operational stability, retaining 79.8% of its activity after ten cycles. The results clearly suggest that the developed immobilized protease system is a promising nanobiocatalyst for various protease applications.