The introduction of pyridinic nitrogen (pyri-N) into carbon-based electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction is considered to create new active sites. Herein, the role of pyri-N in such catalysts was investigated from a mechanistic viewpoint using carbon black (CB)-supported pyri-N-containing molecules as model catalysts; the highest activity was observed for 1,10-phenanthroline/CB. X-ray photoemission spectroscopy showed that in acidic electrolytes, both pyri-N atoms of 1,10-phenanthroline could be protonated to form pyridinium ions (pyri-NH ). In O -saturated electrolytes, one of the pyri-NH species was reduced to pyri-NH upon the application of a potential; no such reduction was observed in N -saturated electrolytes. This behavior was ascribed to electrochemical reduction of pyri-NH occurring simultaneously with the thermal adsorption of O , as supported by DFT calculations. According to these calculations, the coupled reduction was promoted by hydrophobic environments.
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