As an alternative to force plates, an inertial measurement unit (IMU) at the pelvis can offer an ambulatory method for measuring total center of mass (CoM) accelerations and, thereby, the ground reaction forces (GRF) during gait. The challenge here is to estimate the 3D components of the GRF. We employ a calibration procedure and an error state extended Kalman filter based on an earlier work to estimate the instantaneous 3D GRF for different over-ground walking patterns. The GRF were then expressed in a body-centric reference frame, to enable an ambulatory setup not related to a fixed global frame. The results were validated with ForceShoes, and the average error in estimating instantaneous shear GRF was 5.2 ± 0.5% of body weight across different variable over-ground walking tasks. The study shows that a single pelvis IMU can measure 3D GRF in a minimal and ambulatory manner during over-ground gait.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20216363 | DOI Listing |
J Sci Med Sport
January 2025
Department of Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Sylvan Adams Sports Institute, Tel-Aviv University, Israel. Electronic address:
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Sensors (Basel)
January 2025
Faculty of Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan.
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January 2025
College of P.E. and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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Sensors (Basel)
January 2025
Division of Research in Clinical Neuroscience, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra, Mexico City 14389, Mexico.
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