Rapid urbanization and industrialization in China have incurred serious air pollution and consequent health concerns. In this study, we examined the modifying effects of urbanization and socioeconomic factors on the association between PM and incidence of esophageal cancer (EC) in 2000-2015 using spatiotemporal techniques and a quasi-Poisson generalized linear model. The results showed a downward trend of EC and high-risk areas aggregated in North China and Huai River Basin. In addition, a stronger association between PM and incidence was observed in low urbanization group, and the association was stronger for females than males. When exposure time-windows were adjusted as 0, 5, 10, 15 years, the incidence risk increased by 2.48% (95% CI: 2.23%, 2.73%), 2.20% (95% CI: 1.91%, 2.49%), 2.18% (95% CI%: 1.92%, 2.43%), 1.87% (95% CI%:1.64, 2.10%) for males, respectively and 4.03% (95% CI: 3.63%, 4.43%), 2.20% (95% CI: 1.91%, 2.49%), 3.97% (95% CI: 3.54%, 4.41%), 3.06% (95% CI: 2.71%, 3.41%) for females, respectively. The findings indicated people in low urbanization group faced with a stronger EC risk caused by PM, which contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of combating EC challenges related to PM pollution.
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