Clogged water bridges for fog harvesting.

Capillary water bridges clogged in the holes of mesh-type fog harvesters have previously been considered only as a drawback because they decrease fog-harvesting yield by hindering airflow in front of the clogged mesh in the usual wind conditions. In this study, we show that the role of a clogged water bridge may not be entirely negative and can contribute to increased fog harvesting by increasing the effective shade coefficient in a special condition with high fog inertia. As the fog speed close to the mesh or the plate increases, clogged mesh as well as the impermeable solid plate are found to produce high fog-harvesting efficiency owing to the high inertia of fog particles that impact the blocked wall. For fast fog speeds (∼4 m s) near the mesh, our results show that the fog-harvesting efficiency is proportional to the effective shade coefficient because fog flow circumventing the mesh is limited owing to high fog inertia. We analyzed the clogging effect on fog-harvesting performance by distinguishing between self-clogging and non-self-clogging patterns based on the water bridge stability clogged in mesh holes.