Thallium shifts the bacterial and fungal community structures in thallium mine waste rocks.

Thallium (Tl) is a highly toxic metalloid and is considered a priority pollutant by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Currently, few studies have investigated the distribution patterns of bacterial and fungal microbiomes in Tl-impacted environments. In this study, we used high-throughput sequencing to assess the bacterial and fungal profiles along a gradient of Tl contents in Tl mine waste rocks in southwestern China. Our results showed that Tl had an important, but different influence on the bacterial and fungal diversity indices. Using linear regression analysis, we furtherly divided the dominant bacterial and fungal groups into three distinct microbial sub-communities thriving at high, moderate, and low levels of Tl. Furthermore, our results also showed that Tl is also an important environmental variable that regulates the distribution patterns of ecological clusters and indicator genera. Interestingly, the microbial groups enriched in the samples with high Tl levels were mainly involved in metal and nutrient cycling. Taken together, our results have provided useful information about the responses of bacterial and fungal groups to Tl contamination.