The involvement of toll-like receptors 2 and 4 in human platelet signalling pathways.

In addition to haemostasis, platelets play an essential role in mechanisms of inflammation and in immunological reactions. Platelets express various toll-like receptors (TLR) on their surface, among them TLR2 and TLR4, which are important for the recognition of bacterial patterns. This study compared TLR2- and TLR4-dependent platelet signalling and their effect on platelet function. Platelet-rich-plasma and washed platelets were prepared from peripheral blood samples of healthy donors. Pam3CSK4 or LPS (lipopolysaccharides from Escherichia coli) were used for stimulation of TLR2 and TLR4. Intracellular signalling pathways were investigated by Western blot. TLR2- and TLR4-mediated specific transcription factor DNA binding activity was measured by the nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) transcription factor assay kit. Platelet adhesion and glycoprotein Ib function were assessed by immunofluorescence staining and analysis of ristocetin-induced agglutination. Both, Pam3CSK4 and LPS were able to induce NFκB-mediated and classical activating platelet signalling with a higher stimulatory capacity of TLR2. In addition, TLR2 and TLR4 activation led to a similar activation of inhibitory pathways. In contrast to TLR2, stimulation of TLR4 resulted in decreased Akt/protein kinase B phosphorylation conditioned by enhanced protein phosphatase 2A activity. TLR4-mediated signalling induced platelet adhesion and facilitated ristocetin-induced platelet agglutination. In conclusion, Pam3CSK4 directly induces aggregation via classical activation cascades, whereas LPS enhances platelet adhesion and glycoprotein receptor Ib-dependent platelet agglutination.