Fusarium wilt of spinach, caused by f. sp. , is an important disease during warm conditions in production regions with acid soils, yet little is known about what confers pathogenicity to spinach in f. sp. genetically. To identify candidate fungal genes that contribute to spinach Fusarium wilt, each of 69 geographically diverse isolates was tested for pathogenicity on each of three spinach inbreds. Thirty-nine isolates identified as f. sp. caused quantitative differences in disease severity among the inbreds that revealed two distinct pathogenicity groups of f. sp. . Putative effector gene profiles, predicted from whole-genome sequences generated for nine f. sp. isolates and five nonpathogenic, spinach-associated (NPS) isolates, distinguished the f. sp. isolates from the NPS isolates, and separated the f. sp. isolates into two groups. Five of the putative effector genes appeared to be unique to f. sp. , as they were not found in 222 other publicly available genome assemblies of , implicating potential involvement of these genes in pathogenicity to spinach. In addition, two combinations of the 14 known () genes that have been affiliated with host pathogenicity in other formae speciales of were identified in genome assemblies of the nine f. sp. isolates, either and or , , and . Characterization of these putative effector genes should aid in understanding mechanisms of pathogenicity in f. sp. , developing molecular tools for rapid detection and quantification of f. sp. , and breeding for resistance to Fusarium wilt in spinach.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.
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