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On causal inferences from retrospective and observational studies and their implications for neuraxial labor analgesia: the CHRISTMAS* study.
Int J Obstet Anesth
December 2024
Department of Opthalmology, Hadassah University Medical Center, and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Hadassah Academic College, Jerusalem, Israel.
Background: Observational studies should not be used to infer causation as they are prone to confounding factors, selection bias, and reverse causality. Many observational studies of labor analgesia treated epidurals as an independent exposure and concluded that "epidurals" cause dystocia, despite multiple randomized controlled trials showing no effect. We highlight this problem using reductio ad absurdum.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFWinning the Lottery With Neural Connectivity Constraints: Faster Learning Across Cognitive Tasks With Spatially Constrained Sparse RNNs.
Neural Comput
October 2023
Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, U.S.A.
Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are often used to model circuits in the brain and can solve a variety of difficult computational problems requiring memory, error correction, or selection (Hopfield, 1982; Maass et al., 2002; Maass, 2011). However, fully connected RNNs contrast structurally with their biological counterparts, which are extremely sparse (about 0.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe value - and its historical underpinnings - pro and con.
Saudi J Anaesth
June 2023
Department of Paediatric, College of Medicine, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Article Synopsis
- Some researchers find P values, which are used in statistics, confusing and unclear, especially when deciding if results are significant.
- The famous statistician Fisher suggested using a P value of 0.05 (or 1 in 20) as a limit to determine significance, but this can cause some studies to be ignored if they don't meet this number.
- It’s important to understand that P values are just one part of the picture, and researchers should also consider factors like sample size and confidence intervals when looking at study results.
Future-like-ours as a metaphysical reductio ad absurdum argument of personal identity.
Bioethics
May 2023
Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Don Marquis' future-like-ours account is regarded as the best secular anti-abortion position because he frames abortion as a wrongful killing via deprivation of a valuable future. Marquis objects to the reductio ad absurdum of contraception as being immoral because it is too difficult to identify an individual that is deprived of a future. To demonstrate why Marquis' treatment of the contraception reductio is flawed by his own future-like-ours line of reasoning, I offer an argument for why there is indeed a candidate for harm-the ovum-for it can be viewed as providing the functional foundation for a new life through (1) mitochondrial DNA inheritance, (2) paternal histone restructuring during fertilization, and (3) ability to initiate parthenogenesis.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFHow low can you go? Justified hesitancy and the ethics of childhood vaccination against COVID-19.
J Med Ethics
December 2022
History and Philosophy of Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
This paper explores some of the ethical issues around offering COVID-19 vaccines to children. My main conclusion is rather paradoxical: the younger we go, the stronger the grounds for justified parental hesitancy and, as such, the stronger the arguments for enforcing vaccination. I suggest that this is not the it appears, but does point to difficult questions about the nature of parental authority in vaccination cases.
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