This study compared physiological and biomechanical responses between treadmill and overground load carriage. Thirty adults completed six 10-minute walking trials across three loads (0, 20, and 40% body mass) and two surfaces (treadmill and overground). Relative oxygen consumption was significantly greater on the treadmill for 20% (1.54 ± 0.20 mL⋅kg⋅min) and 40% loads (1.08 ± 0.20 mL⋅kg⋅min). All other physiological and perceptual responses were significantly higher in the treadmill condition and with increases in load. Stance time was longer (0%: 0.05 s; 20%: 0.02 s, 40%: 0.05 s, < 0.001) and cadence was lower (0%: 1 step·min; 20%: 2 steps·min; 40%: 3 steps·min, < 0.05) on the treadmill. Peak lower limb joint angles were similar between surfaces except for ankle plantar flexion, which was 8˚ greater on the treadmill. The physiological responses to treadmill-based load carriage are generally not transferable to overground load carriage and caution must be taken when conducting treadmill-based load carriage research to inform operational-based scenarios. Literature is limited when comparing the physiological and biomechanical responses to treadmill and overground load carriage. Using a repeated measures design, it was shown that although walking kinematics are generally similar between surfaces, there was a greater physiological demand while carrying a load on a treadmill when compared with overground. BM: body mass; e.g: for example; HR: heart rate; HR: heart rate maximum; Hz: hertz; kg: kilograms; km·h: kilometres per hour; L⋅min: litres per minute; m: metres; MD: mean difference; mL·kg·min: millilitres per kilogram per minute; mL⋅min: millilitres per minute; ηp: partial-eta squared; OG: overground; RPE: rating of perceived exertion; s: seconds; SD: standard deviation; SE: standard error; steps·min: steps per minute; TM: treadmill; V̇CO: volume of carbon dioxide; V̇E: ventilation; V̇O: volume of oxygen; V̇O: maximum volume of oxygen; y: years.
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