Colon Cancer Biomarkers: Implications for Personalized Medicine.

The heterogeneity of colon cancers and their reactions presents both a challenge and promise for personalized medicine. The challenge is to develop effective biologically personalized therapeutics guided by predictive and prognostic biomarkers. Presently, there are several classes of candidate biomarkers, including genomic probes, inhibitory RNAs, assays for immunity dysfunction and, not to be forgotten, specific histopathologic and histochemical features. To develop effective therapeutics, candidate biomarkers must be qualified and validated in comparable independent cohorts, no small undertaking. This process and subsequent deployment in clinical practice involves not only the strong association of the biomarker with the treatment but also careful attention to the prosaic aspects of representative tumor site selection, obtaining a fully adequate sample which is preserved and prepared to optimize high quality analysis. In the future, the clinical utility of biomarker analytical results will benefit from associated clinical and basic science data with the assistance of artificial intelligence techniques. By application of an individualized, selected suite of biomarkers, comprehensively interpreted, individualized, more effective and less toxic therapy for colon cancer will be enabled, thereby fulfilling the promise of personalized medicine.