Oxidative Stress Product, 4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal, Induces the Release of Tissue Factor-Positive Microvesicles From Perivascular Cells Into Circulation.

Objective: TF (Tissue factor) plays a key role in hemostasis, but an aberrant expression of TF leads to thrombosis. The objective of the present study is to investigate the effect of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE), the most stable and major oxidant produced in various disease conditions, on the release of TF microvesicles into the circulation, identify the source of TF microvesicles origin, and assess their effect on intravascular coagulation and inflammation. Approach and Results: C57BL/6J mice were administered with HNE intraperitoneally, and the release of TF microvesicles into circulation was evaluated using coagulation assays and nanoparticle tracking analysis. Various cell-specific markers were used to identify the cellular source of TF microvesicles. Vascular permeability was analyzed by the extravasation of Evans blue dye or fluorescein dextran. HNE administration to mice markedly increased the levels of TF microvesicles and thrombin generation in the circulation. HNE administration also increased the number of neutrophils in the lungs and elevated the levels of inflammatory cytokines in plasma. Administration of an anti-TF antibody blocked not only HNE-induced thrombin generation but also HNE-induced inflammation. Confocal microscopy and immunoblotting studies showed that HNE does not induce TF expression either in vascular endothelium or circulating monocytes. Microvesicles harvested from HNE-administered mice stained positively with CD248 and α-smooth muscle actin, the markers that are specific to perivascular cells. HNE was found to destabilize endothelial cell barrier integrity.

Conclusions: HNE promotes the release of TF microvesicles from perivascular cells into the circulation. HNE-induced increased TF activity contributes to intravascular coagulation and inflammation.