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COVID-19 and multiorgan failure: A narrative review on potential mechanisms. | LitMetric

AI Article Synopsis

  • The outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 in December 2019 led to the COVID-19 pandemic, which causes mild cold-like symptoms in some cases but can result in severe multiorgan failure in others.
  • Severe cases are associated with longer hospital stays and higher mortality due to complications affecting the lungs, liver, kidneys, heart, and more, highlighting the need for further research on the underlying mechanisms of organ damage.
  • While the presence of SARS-CoV-2 receptors in multiple organs is established, the exact pathways of how the virus leads to organ failure, such as cytokine storms and inflammatory responses, remain controversial and require deeper investigation to improve patient outcomes.

Article Abstract

The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) in December 2019 form Wuhan, China leads to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. While the common cold symptoms are observed in mild cases, COVID-19 is accompanied by multiorgan failure in severe patients. The involvement of different organs in severe patients results in lengthening the hospitalization duration and increasing the mortality rate. In this review, we aimed to investigate the involvement of different organs in COVID-19 patients, particularly in severe cases. Also, we tried to define the potential underlying mechanisms of SARS-CoV2 induced multiorgan failure. The multi-organ dysfunction is characterized by acute lung failure, acute liver failure, acute kidney injury, cardiovascular disease, and as well as a wide spectrum of hematological abnormalities and neurological disorders. The most important mechanisms are related to the direct and indirect pathogenic features of SARS-CoV2. Although the presence of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, a receptor of SARS-CoV2 in the lung, heart, kidney, testis, liver, lymphocytes, and nervous system was confirmed, there are controversial findings to about the observation of SARS-CoV2 RNA in these organs. Moreover, the organ failure may be induced by the cytokine storm, a result of increased levels of inflammatory mediators, endothelial dysfunction, coagulation abnormalities, and infiltration of inflammatory cells into the organs. Therefore, further investigations are needed to detect the exact mechanisms of pathogenesis. Since the involvement of several organs in COVID-19 patients is important for clinicians, increasing their knowledge may help to improve the outcomes and decrease the rate of mortality and morbidity.

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Source
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7533045PMC
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10735-020-09915-3DOI Listing

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