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<PubmedArticle><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM" IndexingMethod="Automated"><PMID Version="1">32969561</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2021</Year><Month>04</Month><Day>14</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2021</Year><Month>04</Month><Day>14</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1365-2486</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>26</Volume><Issue>12</Issue><PubDate><Year>2020</Year><Month>Dec</Month></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Global change biology</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Glob Chang Biol</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Secondary forests offset less than 10% of deforestation-mediated carbon emissions in the Brazilian Amazon.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><StartPage>7006</StartPage><EndPage>7020</EndPage><MedlinePgn>7006-7020</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1111/gcb.15352</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Secondary forests are increasing in the Brazilian Amazon and have been cited as an important mechanism for reducing net carbon emissions. However, our understanding of the contribution of secondary forests to the Amazonian carbon balance is incomplete, and it is unclear to what extent emissions from old-growth deforestation have been offset by secondary forest growth. Using MapBiomas 3.1 and recently refined IPCC carbon sequestration estimates, we mapped the age and extent of secondary forests in the Brazilian Amazon and estimated their role in offsetting old-growth deforestation emissions since 1985. We also assessed whether secondary forests in the Brazilian Amazon are growing in conditions favourable for carbon accumulation in relation to a suite of climatic, landscape and local factors. In 2017, the 129,361&#xa0;km<sup>2</sup> of secondary forest in the Brazilian Amazon stored 0.33&#xa0;&#xb1;&#xa0;0.05&#xa0;billion&#xa0;Mg of above-ground carbon but had offset just 9.37% of old-growth emissions since 1985. However, we find that the majority of Brazilian secondary forests are situated in contexts that are less favourable for carbon accumulation than the biome average. Our results demonstrate that old-growth forest loss remains the most important factor determining the carbon balance in the Brazilian Amazon. Understanding the implications of these findings will be essential for improving estimates of secondary forest carbon sequestration potential. More accurate quantification of secondary forest carbon stocks will support the production of appropriate management proposals that can efficiently harness the potential of secondary forests as a low-cost, nature-based tool for mitigating climate change.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>&#xa9; 2020 The Authors. Global Change Biology published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Smith</LastName><ForeName>Charlotte C</ForeName><Initials>CC</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-3767-6587</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Esp&#xed;rito-Santo</LastName><ForeName>Fernando D B</ForeName><Initials>FDB</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Leicester Institute of Space and Earth Observation, Centre for Landscape and Climate Research, School of Geography, Geology and Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Healey</LastName><ForeName>John R</ForeName><Initials>JR</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Natural Sciences, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Bangor University, Bangor, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Young</LastName><ForeName>Paul J</ForeName><Initials>PJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centre of Excellence for Environmental Data Science, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lennox</LastName><ForeName>Gareth D</ForeName><Initials>GD</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-4285-0551</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ferreira</LastName><ForeName>Joice</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Embrapa Amaz&#xf4;nia Oriental, Bel&#xe9;m, Brazil.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Barlow</LastName><ForeName>Jos</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Federal University of Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><GrantList CompleteYN="Y"><Grant><GrantID>NE/L002604/1</GrantID><Agency>Natural Environment Research Council</Agency><Country/></Grant></GrantList><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2020</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>11</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>England</Country><MedlineTA>Glob Chang Biol</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>9888746</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>1354-1013</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>7440-44-0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D002244">Carbon</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D001938" MajorTopicYN="N" Type="Geographic">Brazil</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D002244" MajorTopicYN="Y">Carbon</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000032" MajorTopicYN="N">analysis</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D057965" MajorTopicYN="N">Carbon Sequestration</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D003247" MajorTopicYN="Y">Conservation of Natural Resources</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D065928" MajorTopicYN="N">Forests</DescriptorName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">carbon sequestration</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">climate change</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">forest regeneration</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">human-modified landscapes</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">negative emissions</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">secondary vegetation</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">tropical forests</Keyword></KeywordList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2020</Year><Month>6</Month><Day>3</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2020</Year><Month>9</Month><Day>1</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2020</Year><Month>9</Month><Day>25</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2021</Year><Month>4</Month><Day>15</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2020</Year><Month>9</Month><Day>24</Day><Hour>8</Hour><Minute>50</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32969561</ArticleId><ArticleId 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