HTLV-1 inserts its viral genome into the host cellular DNA in the form of a provirus. The proviral DNA is a key to understand the persistence and pathogenesis of HTLV-1 infection. There has been a significant progress in proviral research due to technological advances on DNA sequencing.Next generation sequencing technology revolutionized our understanding of the human genome,showing how it is organized and regulated, not only by the nucleotide sequence itself but also by epigenetic features and higher-order chromatin structure. We will review recent findings regarding the role of HTLV-1 provirus in HTLV-1 infection.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.2222/jsv.69.23 | DOI Listing |
Leuk Lymphoma
December 2024
Department of Microbiology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan.
Nrf2 plays a critical role in regulating cytoprotective transcriptional responses and glucose metabolism while also preventing inflammation-induced carcinogenesis. However, Nrf2 can paradoxically promote carcinogenesis. Here, we aimed to elucidate the role of Nrf2 in ATL associated with HTLV-1.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFReverse transcriptase (RT) is an enzyme encoded by the genetic material of retroviruses. Viruses such as HIV and hepatitis B employ an enzyme reverse transcriptase (RT) to generate complementary DNA from the RNA template during reverse transcription. Thus, viruses replicate their genomes and proliferate within the host genome.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFVirol J
December 2024
Department of Microbiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan.
Pathogens
November 2024
Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infects CD4 T-cells through close cell-cell contacts. The viral Tax-1 (Tax) protein regulates transcription by transactivating the HTLV-1 promoter in the 5' long terminal repeat of the integrated provirus. Here, we generated a clonal Tax-responsive T-cell line to track HTLV-1 infection at the single-cell level using flow cytometry, bypassing intracellular viral protein staining.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAIDS Res Ther
November 2024
Immuology Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Azadi Square, Mashhad, Iran.
Background: HTLV-1 is a worldwide distribution retrovirus with 10-20 million infected individuals. ATLL is an Adult T-cell leukaemia lymphoma caused by aggressive T-cell proliferation that is infected by HTLV-1 and is associated with an inferior prognosis. The exact molecular pathogenesis has yet to be fully understood.
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