Electrokinetic study of calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide particles in lime softening.

Significant effort has been made to measure and understand the surface charge of CaCO and Mg(OH) particles. Many laboratory experiments have been reported on zeta potential of natural and prepared CaCO and a few have also been published for Mg(OH), however, there are very few reported measurements of zeta potential of CaCO and Mg(OH) particles at conditions relevant to lime softening, despite lime softening being a common and established process for water treatment. The present study aims to understand the interactions and electrokinetic properties of these two particles in lime softening. Effects of various experimental parameters such as pH, temperature, aging, inorganic carbon (CO/HCO), and divalent cations (Ca/Mg) on the electrokinetic properties (i.e. zeta potential) of CaCO and Mg(OH) particles were individually studied. The interactions between humic acid (mimicking natural organic matter), silicate (representing silica), clay (mimicking suspended solids) and CaCO/Mg(OH) particles were studied, as well as the interactions between CaCO and Mg(OH). Thermodynamic modeling was used to predict precipitates as a function of solution chemistry and assist with data interpretation. The results provide considerable insight into factors that are of importance to lime softening.