Signaling defense responses of upland rice to avirulent and virulent strains of Magnaporthe oryzae.

Rice blast (Magnaporthe oryzae) can cause large losses in crop yields, especially in upland rice systems. Avirulent strains of M. oryzae can induce resistance to subsequent attacks by virulent strains in plants. This study aimed to investigate the defense responses in upland rice challenged with a virulent strain of M. oryzae after acclimation with an avirulent strain. The avirulent strain decreased rice blast severity in the challenged plants. Induced resistance was characterized by a hypersensitive response and early accumulation of phenolic compounds. Scanning electron microscopy showed that M. oryzae conidia germinate and form appressoria, but do not colonize leaf tissues. The activities of pathogenesis-related proteins, total phenolic compounds, and salicylic acid (SA) were affected by acclimation to the avirulent strain. The activities of β-1,3-glucanase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, and peroxidase, as well as the SA levels explained most of the variability in the rice plant responses to M. oryzae. In addition, OsXa13, OsMAPKKK74, OsAOS2, OsACO7, and OsMAS1 expression was modulated depending on the virulence of the M. oryzae strains. This modulation in gene expression is critical for infection and some of these mechanisms are targeted by effectors, resulting in enhanced susceptibility and pathogen infection. These results have practical importance in plant-pathogen interaction studies to identify resistance-relevant mechanisms against M. oryzae in upland rice.