AI Article Synopsis
- PG2, an injectable polysaccharide from traditional Chinese medicine, is known for its immune-modulatory and anti-inflammatory effects, particularly in managing cancer-related fatigue.
- In a study of lung adenocarcinoma cells (A549 and CL1-2), PG2 did not inhibit cell growth but significantly reduced cell migration and invasion while promoting the expression of E-cadherin and decreasing levels of vimentin and AXL.
- The mechanism involves the reduction of the inflammatory cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), leading to decreased aggressiveness in cancer cells; this was confirmed in SCID mice, where PG2 treatment resulted in fewer lung and abdominal metastases.
Article Abstract
is the most popular traditional Chinese medicine for managing vital energy deficiency. Its injectable polysaccharide PG2 has been used for relieving cancer-related fatigue, and PG2 has immune-modulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we explored the effects of PG2 in lung adenocarcinoma A549 and CL1-2 cells and investigated its anticancer activity, and the results were validated in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice. Although PG2 did not inhibit the growth of these cells, it dose-dependently suppressed their migration and invasion, accompanied by reduced vimentin and AXL and induced epithelial cadherin (E-cadherin) expression. Regarding the underlying molecular mechanism, PG2 treatment reduced the macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), an inflammatory cytokine that promotes the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and aggressiveness of cancer cells. Consistent with the previous finding that MIF regulates matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), treatment with PG2 reduced MMP-13 and activated AMPK in A549 and CL1-2 cells in this study. In SCID mice injected with A549 cells through the tail vein, intraperitoneal injection with PG2 reduced lung and abdominal metastases in parallel with decreased immunohistochemical staining of AXL, vimentin, MMP-13, and MIF in the tumor. Collectively, data revealed a potential application of PG2 in integrative cancer treatment through the suppression of MIF in cancer cells and their aggressiveness.
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| http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X20500731 | DOI Listing |
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