Eco-Efficient Green Seaweed Biosorbent for Textile Dyes: Characterization, Mechanism, Recyclability, and RSM Optimization.

Biosorption using natural waste has emerged as a potential and promising strategy for removal of toxic dyes from wastewaters in comparison to conventional ones. Herein, the alga (CDA) was biologically identified and used as a biosorbent for anionic and cationic dyes from aqueous solutions. SEM analysis showed a rough surface with an irregular edge and shape while hydroxyl, amine, sulfur and carboxyl functional groups were identified using FTIR analysis. TGA/DTG confirmed the stability of CDA and the adsorption process. Batch studies were conducted to investigate the effect of operational factors such as initial pH, biosorbent dosage, temperature, initial concentration, and solid/liquid contact time on the biosorption of crystal violet (CV) and Congo red (CR) dyes. For both CV and CR dyes, the biosorption kinetics was accurately described by the pseudo-second-order model and the Langmuir isotherm was found to be best fitted for equilibrium data. Maximum uptake capacities have attained up to 278.46 mg/g for CV and 191.01 mg/g for CR. The CV and CR dye biosorption mechanism was ultimately manifested through the electrostatic interactions. The regeneration study showed that the CDA presents excellent reuse performance up to four consecutive cycles. The process optimization was performed using the response surface methodology based on Box-Behnken design (RSM-BDD). Accordingly, the optimum predicted removal efficiencies using RSM-BBD for CV and CR were obtained, respectively, at 96.9 and 89.8% using a CDA dose of 1.5 g/L, dye concentration of 20 mg/L, pH of 10 for CV, and pH of 4 for CR. Overall, CDA behaves as an efficient, recyclable, cheap, and eco-friendly adsorbent for cleaning-up of dyed effluents.