Retracing migration pattern in reproductive and non-reproductive female kutum Rutilus frisii, in south Caspian Sea, using otolith microchemistry.

Because trace elements of otoliths are considered a natural marker capable of recognizing the chemical composition of ambient water and fish migration history, these elements could be potentially used to analyse the movement of reproductive (R) and non-reproductive (NR) mature-sized fish. Supposedly, it is not essential for NR individuals to migrate to rivers for spawning because they do not have developed gonads. To investigate the potential differences in migration history between female R and NR kutum, Rutilus frisii, in the southwest waters of the Caspian Sea, the ratios of Sr, Ba, Mg, Na, K and P to Ca in otoliths (from the core to the edge) were examined using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. In NR fish, a significant increase in Sr:Ca ratio in the otoliths' growth rings, likely due to greater seawater residency, and an increase in Ba:Ca ratio in the last two rings were observed. Increased Ba:Ca ratio could be due to the movement of NR mature-sized fish to the coastal zones for foraging. Seasonal physiological factors such as gonad maturation and spawning activity are more likely to be involved in differences in the other elemental ratios (Mg, Na, K and P). These results suggest that microchemical analyses of growth rings of otolith can be used as a valuable tool for better understanding the movement pattern of different types of adult fish, which could be completed with data from other methods like tagging.