Influence of malonic acid and manganese dioxide on humic substance formation and inhibition of CO release during composting.

The aim of thisstudy was to explore the effects of malonic acid (MA), manganese dioxide (MnO), malonic acid combined with manganese dioxide (MA + MnO) additionon reducing CO emission and promoting humic substance (HS) formation during composting. The result showed that the addition of MA and MnO were an efficient way to reduce CO emission. Meanwhile, the CO emissions in the MA + MnO treatment was 36.8% less than that of the CK, and the amount of humic acid (HA) produced in the MnO treatment was 38.7% higher than that of the CK. Structural equation models demonstrated that the addition of exogenoussubstance promoted the conversion of amino acids and reducing sugars to HA. The addition of exogenous substances was the main reason for influencing the concentration of HA. In general, this research provided theoretical supports for the addition of exogenous substances to promote HA formation during composting.