Phosphorus dendrimers as powerful nanoplatforms for drug delivery, as fluorescent probes and for liposome interaction studies: A concise overview.

Gene therapy is a new and promising tool to treat many severe diseases and the silencing of proteins is the safest and the most efficient tool to treat diseases because it does not induce changes in human genome and avoids a huge problem encompassing insertional mutagenesis. Using small RNAs to switch on/off target proteins is limited due to existence of some barriers for them in the human body (blood RNAses, serum albumins, cell walls, etc). For therapeutic applications they need the efficient and non-toxic carrier which will deliver them into cell cytoplasm. Within the huge range of carriers available, dendrimers can be underlined as new promising efficient carriers. This review summarizes several findings in phosphorus dendrimers based on in vitro and in vivo studies. As a result, we can conclude that advantages of phosphorus dendrimers are strong interaction with siRNA/DNA and formation of small and compact positively charged complexes of high and fast penetration into cells; efficient release of siRNA/pDNA in endosomes due to "proton sponge" effect; possibility of their modification including addition of fluorescent probes - in this case fluorescent dendrimer can be used both as a gene carrier and a tracer of delivery into cells. Additional benefit of using fluorescent phosphorus dendrimers is their ability to monitor the macrophage physiological status in vitro and in vivo.