Affecting over 320 million people around the world, depression has become a formidable challenge for modern medicine. In addition, an increasing number of studies cast doubt on the monoamine theory of depressive disorder and, worryingly, antidepressant medications only significantly benefit patients with severe depression. Thus, it is not surprising that researchers have shown an increased interest in new theories attempting to explain the pathogenesis of this disease. One example is the excitatory/inhibitory transmission imbalance theory. These abnormalities involve glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) signaling. Studies on GABA receptors and their antagonists are particularly promising for the treatment of depressive disorders. In this paper, intracellular pathways controlled by GABA receptors and their links to depression are described, including the impact of ketamine on GABAergic synaptic transmission.
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