Protective roles of salicylic acid in maintaining integrity and functions of photosynthetic photosystems for alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) tolerance to aluminum toxicity.

Aluminum (Al) can be detrimental to plant growth in areas with Al contamination. The objective of this study was to determine whether salicylic acid (SA) can improve plant tolerance to Al stress by mitigating Al toxicity for chloroplasts and photosynthetic systems in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Plants were treated with Al (100 μM) for 3 d in a hydroponic system. The content of Al increased in leaves treated with Al, resulting in damage and deformation of chloroplasts. In Al-damaged leaves, chloroplast envelopes and starch granules disappeared; the lamellae and stroma lamella were loosely arranged and indistinguishable, and the number of grana was reduced; a large number of small plastoglobules appeared. Foliar spraying of 15 μM SA reduced Al content in roots and leaves and alleviated Al damages in chloroplasts. With 15 μM SA treatments, the chloroplast shape returned to a flat ellipsoid, thylakoids were arranged closely and regularly, chloroplasts had intact starch granules, and small plastoglobules disappeared. SA-treated plants had significantly higher aboveground biomass than the untreated control exposed to Al stress. Photosynthetic index and gene expression analyses demonstrated that SA could alleviate adverse effects of Al toxicity by increasing light capture efficiency, promoting electron transport in the photosynthetic electron transport chain and thylakoid lumen deacidification, and promoting synthesis of aenosine triphosphate (ATP) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). SA played protective roles in maintaining integrity and functions of photosystems in photosynthesis for plant tolerance to Al stress.