[Common mental disorders in primary care: diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties, and new challenges in prediction and prevention. SESPAS Report 2020].

In primary health care only chronic pain surpass depression and anxiety in loss of quality-adjusted life years. More than 70% of people suffering from common mental disorders consulted their GPs for this reason. However, 'the declining halves rule' is a reality: less than 50% of primary care attendees with common mental disorders were correctly diagnosed, of these less than 50% received adequate treatment (pharmacological or psychological) and of these less than 50% patients were adherent. Collaborative models of common mental disorders care in primary health care have demonstrated their effectiveness through clinical trials; however, its implementation in a more general and real context is difficult and its effectiveness remains unclear. Risk algorithms have been developed and validated in primary health care to predict the onset and prognosis of common mental disorders; which are useful for their treatment and prevention. There is evidence that psychological and psychoeducational interventions (and possibly those of physical exercise) are effective for the primary prevention of common mental disorders, even in primary health care; although their effects are small or moderate. These interventions have a high potential to be scalable in schools, workplace and primary health care; in addition, when they are administered through information and communication technologies (e.g. by App), in self-guided or minimally guided programs, they have demonstrated their effectiveness for the treatment and prevention of common mental disorders. They are also very accessible, have low cost and contribute to the massive implementation of these interventions in different settings.