Environmental inefficiency caused by the extensive economic growth pattern is considered a critical driver of the unprecedented PM (fine particulate matter) pollution in China. However, the nexus between environmental efficiency and PM concentrations has rarely been examined. We used a recently developed data envelopment analysis method to measure environmental efficiency, environmental total factor productivity, and their compositions in China at the prefecture level from 2003 to 2013 and examined the effects of environmental efficiency on PM pollution. The results indicated that improvements in environmental efficiency significantly ameliorated PM pollution. The effect of technological progress on PM reduction is limited, but the pure efficiency and scale efficiency promoted by enhanced management level and optimized production scale strongly contribute to PM mitigation. The significant spatial spillover of environmental efficiency and PM pollution introduces challenges and opportunities for lowering PM emissions. The impact of environmental efficiency on PM pollution exhibits significant spatiotemporal heterogeneity, and the strength of influence tends to increase with PM concentration and become more pronounced over time. Furthermore, several socioeconomic factors are related to PM pollution, which implies that PM control is a complex system and requires a comprehensive policy mix.
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