The past decade has seen great progress in manipulating the structure of vapor-deposited glasses of organic semiconductors. Upon varying the substrate temperature during deposition, glasses with a wide range of density and molecular orientation can be prepared from a given molecule. We review recent studies that show the structure of vapor-deposited glasses can be tuned to significantly improve the external quantum efficiency and lifetime of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). We highlight the ability of molecular simulations to reproduce experimentally observed structures, setting the stage for in silico design of vapor-deposited glasses in the coming decade. Finally, we identify research opportunities for improving the properties of organic semiconductors by controlling the structure of vapor-deposited glasses.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01682 | DOI Listing |
J Phys Chem B
January 2025
Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China.
Physical vapor deposition (PVD) at an appropriate temperature has been shown to produce ultrastable glass by the mechanism of surface accelerated diffusion. Recently, high-entropy materials have been discovered to display slower atomic diffusion due to the multicomponent high-entropy effects. How this delayed atomic motion influences the formation and stability of PVD glass remains elusive.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Chem Phys
December 2024
Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Ave., Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
ACS Nano
October 2024
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States.
Highly ordered liquid crystalline (LC) phases have important potential for organic electronics. We studied the molecular alignment and domain structure in a columnar LC thin film with nanometer resolution during in situ heating using four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D STEM). The initial disordered vapor-deposited LC glass thin film rapidly ordered at its glass transition temperature into a hexagonal columnar phase with small (<10 nm), well-aligned, planar domains (columns oriented parallel to the surface).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Chem Phys
August 2024
Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice 532 10, Czech Republic.
The structural relaxation dynamics of conventionally prepared bulk glass of N,N'-bis(3-methylphenyl)-N,N'-diphenyl-benzidine (TPD) was measured by differential scanning calorimetry. The calorimetric data were quantitatively described in terms of the Tool-Narayanaswamy-Moynihan (TNM) model. The TNM parameters were evaluated using a combination of linearization and non-linear optimization methodologies: h*/R = 109.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Phys Chem Lett
August 2024
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy.
Several experiments on molecular and metallic glasses have shown that the ability of vapor deposition to produce ultrastable glasses is correlated to their structural and thermodynamic properties. Here we investigate the vapor deposition of a class of tetrahedral materials (including silicon and water) via molecular dynamics simulations of the generalized Stillinger-Weber potential. By changing a single parameter that controls the local tetrahedrality, we show that the emergence of ultrastable behavior is correlated with an increase in the fragility of the model.
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