Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Fermented Bark of and Its Isolated Compounds on Lipopolysaccharide-Treated RAW 264.7 Macrophage Cells.

The fermentation was carried out on the bark of (AS). species have been used in traditional medicine as tonics, sedatives, and antispasmodics. An activity-guided isolation of the fermented bark of (FAS) yielded several phytochemicals: acanthoside D (), acanthoside B (), daucosterol (), protocatechuic acid (), chlorogenic acid methyl ester (), ciwujiatone (), syringaresinol (), farnesol (), 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid (), and falcarindiol (). HPLC analysis showed that content of lignan glycoside ( was decreased and and were increased after fermentation. Anti-inflammatory activities on FAS showed the decrease of nitric oxide (NO) production, and inhibitory activities of iNOS and COX-2, proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-), and collagenase. The aglycone, syringaresinol (), which was increased through fermentation showed enhanced activity than . Thus, FAS may have the potential to treat inflammatory disorders, such as arthritis.