Pressure and force on the canine neck when exercised using a collar and leash.

The aim of this study was to assess the pressure and force applied to the canine neck at walk when using collars of different material. Three different collars of equal size but different construction were used. A double-layer polyester and nylon weave (DN), a single layer nylon weave (SN), and a single layer canvas (SC). Eight dogs wore all three types of collar and were led in a randomized order through a course containing straight, clockwise and counterclockwise sections. Force and pressure were measured and recorded using a Tekscan F-Scan In-shoe system and analyzed using SPSS statistical software. Peak force and contact pressure were significantly higher under DN collar when compared with the others ( < 0.0005 and  = 0.001, respectively). Whilst differences in mean force were not observed between collars, there were significant differences depending on the direction of travel of the dog ( < 0.0005), being highest in a counter-clockwise direction, and lowest in a straight line. Peak contact pressure was not significantly different in any condition. Results suggest that collar construction material will alter contact pressures and peak force exerted on the neck, and that a double layer nylon weave collar with ethylene-vinyl acetate cushioning has a higher contact pressure than either a single layer nylon or canvas construction, which may be contrary to an owners expectations when purchasing a collar. Furthermore, forces will vary depending on the direction of travel in relation to the handler.