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DNA methylation enables transposable element-driven genome expansion. | LitMetric

DNA methylation enables transposable element-driven genome expansion.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Center for Epigenetics, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503

Published: August 2020

AI Article Synopsis

  • - Multicellular eukaryotic genomes vary greatly in size, with a significant portion of this variation attributed to transposable elements (TEs), which can affect gene regulation and account for a considerable amount of DNA mass.
  • - Methylation of the C-phosphate-G (CpG) dinucleotide in DNA plays a crucial role in suppressing TE activity, enabling their long-term incorporation into the host genome and aiding in genome expansion.
  • - Research on 53 organisms showed a link between genome size and TE content, along with a negative relationship between genome size and the expected prevalence of CpG sites, suggesting that TE mutations can create new regulatory opportunities for gene expression.

Article Abstract

Multicellular eukaryotic genomes show enormous differences in size. A substantial part of this variation is due to the presence of transposable elements (TEs). They contribute significantly to a cell's mass of DNA and have the potential to become involved in host gene control. We argue that the suppression of their activities by methylation of the C-phosphate-G (CpG) dinucleotide in DNA is essential for their long-term accommodation in the host genome and, therefore, to its expansion. An inevitable consequence of cytosine methylation is an increase in C-to-T transition mutations via deamination, which causes CpG loss. Cytosine deamination is often needed for TEs to take on regulatory functions in the host genome. Our study of the whole-genome sequences of 53 organisms showed a positive correlation between the size of a genome and the percentage of TEs it contains, as well as a negative correlation between size and the CpG observed/expected (O/E) ratio in both TEs and the host DNA. TEs are seldom found at promoters and transcription start sites, but they are found more at enhancers, particularly after they have accumulated C-to-T and other mutations. Therefore, the methylation of TE DNA allows for genome expansion and also leads to new opportunities for gene control by TE-based regulatory sites.

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Source
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7431005PMC
http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1921719117DOI Listing

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