AI Article Synopsis
- The study investigated how the sulfate (SO₄²⁻) anion impacts freshwater species under elevated salinity conditions by measuring sulfate uptake and release in four species: fathead minnow, paper pondshell, red swamp crayfish, and two-lined mayfly.
- The research employed stable isotope ratios alongside measurements of sulfate concentrations to determine influx rates, net flux, and efflux rates over a 24-hour period.
- Results indicated that all species had positive sulfate influx rates, with some showing variable net flux and efflux rates, suggesting that freshwater animals may regulate sulfate levels more than previously understood.
Article Abstract
To better understand how the sulfate (SO ) anion may contribute to the adverse effects associated with elevated ionic strength or salinity in freshwaters, we measured the uptake and efflux of SO in four freshwater species: the fathead minnow (, Teleostei: Cyprinidae), paper pondshell (, Bivalvia: Unionidae), red swamp crayfish (, Crustacea: Cambaridae), and two-lined mayfly (, Insecta: Ephemeridae). Using / stable isotope ratios and the concentrations of S and SO , we measured the SO influx rate ( ), net flux ( ), and efflux rate (J) during a 24 h exposure period. For all four species, the means of for SO were positive, and was significantly greater than 0 at both target SO concentrations in the fish and mollusk and at the lower SO concentration in the crayfish. The means of and were much more variable than those for , but several species by target SO concentration combinations for and , were negative, which suggests the net excretion of SO by the animals. The results of our experiments suggest a greater regulation of SO in freshwater animals than has been previously reported.
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| http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7376752 | PMC |
| http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12051496 | DOI Listing |
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